Below is a selection of recent Clubhouse research articles:
Mowbray, C.T., Woodward, A.T., Holter, M.C., MacFarlane, P., & Bybee, D. (2009). Characteristics of Users of Consumer-Run Drop-In Centers Versus Clubhouses. Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research. 36(3), 361-371.
Abstract (From Journal): Clubhouses and consumer-run drop-in centers (CRDIs) are two of the most widely implemented models of consumer-centered services for persons with serious mental illness. Differences in structure and goals suggest that they may be useful to different types of consumers. Information on what types of consumers use which programs would be useful in service planning. This study analyzes data from the authors’ NIMH-funded research on 31 geographically matched pairs of Clubhouses and CRDIs involving more than 1,800 consumers to address the following question: are there significant differences in the characteristics and outcomes of members of Clubhouses versus CRDIs? Results from multilevel analyses indicated that Clubhouse members were more likely to be female, to receive SSI/SSDI, to report having a diagnosis of schizophrenia, and to live in dependent care; and they reported both a greater number of lifetime hospitalizations and current receipt of higher intensity traditional MH services. Controlling for differences in demographic characteristics, psychiatric history, and mental health service receipt, Clubhouse members also reported higher quality of life and were more likely to report being in recovery. CRDI consumers were more likely to have substance abuse histories. Possible reasons for the differences are discussed. The results suggest that CRDIs are a viable alternative to more traditional mental health services for individuals who might not otherwise receive mental health services.
Carol T. Mowbray is deceased. For more information contact: Amanda Toler Woodward, PhD, School of Social Work, Michigan State University, 222 Baker Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. Email: awoodwar@msu.edu
Plotnick, D.F. & Salzer, M.S. (2008). Clubhouse costs and implications for policy analysis in the context of system transformation initiatives. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 32(2), 128-131.
Abstract (From Journal):
Objective: Documenting service costs is important for psychiatric rehabilitation programs to make persuasive arguments to policymakers/funders about their role in system transformation efforts. The purpose of this study was to report program costs, annual costs per member, and costs per day over three years (2003-2006) for 29 Clubhouses that are part of the Pennsylvania Clubhouse Coalition (PCC).
Methods: This study utilized data elements that are submitted annually by coalition members to the Pennsylvania Clubhouse Coalition.
Results: Our results indicate that Clubhouses play a substantial role in the Pennsylvania mental health system, providing almost 180,000 units of contact to more than 2,400 people across the state.
Conclusions: Most relevant to Pennsylvania's system transformation is our finding that Clubhouse costs are substantially lower than the costs of partial hospital services. Clubhouses are likely serving an important role in lowering costs associated with supporting those who would otherwise utilize partial hospital programs.
URL: http://prj.metapress.com/
For more information contact: Debbie F. Plotnick, Mental Health Association of Southeastern Pennsylvania, 1211 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107. 215-751-1800
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McKay, C.E. (2007).Clubhouse Characteristics: Results from an International Survey of Clubhouses. Commonwealth Medicine Academic Conference, Shrewsbury, MA.
This poster includes results from International Survey of Clubhouses to provide information regarding Clubhouse performance and characteristics in a variety of areas. This poster provides a glimpse into the disseminationof ICCD Clubhouses with results from Clubhouse programs across the world. Clubhouse Directors complete surveys designed to obtain information concerning organizational characteristics, the ways in which Clubhouse programs provide opportunities for their members, as well as individual outcomes for members utilizing Clubhouse services and supports. Areas addressed in the survey include funding, governance and administration, staffing and staff credentials, program structure, Clubhouse memberships and membership demographics, participation in training and/or research activities, and a variety of services provided by ICCD Clubhouses including employment and housing. The poster will also include evidence of similarities and differences between ICCD certified and non-certified Clubhouses, Clubhouses located in and out of the United States, as well as common characteristics of Clubhouses internationally.
URL: http://www.umassmed.edu/uploadedFiles/Poster_McKay.pdf
For more information contact: Colleen E. McKay, Program for Clubhouse Research, Center for Mental Health Services Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655. Telephone: 508-856-8471. Email: Colleen.McKay@umassmed.edu
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Pernice-Duca, F. (2008). The Structure and quality of social network support among metal health consumers of Clubhouse programs. Journal of Community Psychology, 36(7), 929-946.
Astract (From Journal):
This study explored the structure and quality of social network support among a group of adult consumers of community-based mental health programs known as Clubhouses. The structure and quality of social network support was also examined by diagnosis, specifically between consumers living with and without schizophrenia. The study involved a sample of 221 consumers across 15 Clubhouse programs. Social network nominations were collected using a semistructured social network interview strategy. Over 97% of the participants identified at least one source of support in their social network with an average of five nominations. Family members were identified as the most common source of support whereas fellow Clubhouse members were least likely to be nominated. Clubhouse members with schizophrenia were less likely to identify family members and were more likely to rate their support networks as more important and engage in greater levels of contact than consumers with other diagnoses. The structure and quality of social network supports were not associated with level of social functioning, length of Clubhouse membership or level of participation or other selected demographic variables typically associated with the size and quality of support. C 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
URL: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/121358358/PDFSTART
For more information contact:
Francesca M. Pernice-Duca, Wayne State University, 337 Education, Detroit, MI.
E-mail: perniceduca@wayne.edu
Andres, B.A. (2008). Relationships among leadership skills and program effectiveness in the implementation of Clubhouse rehabilitation programs. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences. Vol 69(2-A), 2008, pp. 750.
Dissertation Abstract:
The purpose of this study is to examine the relationships among leadership skills and program effectiveness in the implementation of Clubhouse Rehabilitation programs. In light of the insufficient research in nonprofit organizations regarding leadership and its correlation to program effectiveness, this study seeks to understand relationships among leadership skills and program effectiveness in Clubhouse rehabilitation programs. The population was drawn from the 197 Clubhouses located in the United States. Leadership data was gathered using "The Competing Values Managerial Behavioral Instrument and Effectiveness Measures" developed by Lawrence, Lenk, and Quinn (in press) and adapted for use with this sample. Skills were correlated to program outcomes and effectiveness indicators. Biserial and Pearson correlations were used to examine relationships among leadership skills and program effectiveness. The leadership skill of motivator positively correlated to supported employment ratios. A one-way multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was conducted to determine the outcome of effectiveness measures on the high and low complex leadership skills. A positive relationship between leadership skills and effectiveness were found in the following areas: (a) performance as a role model, (b) conceiving change efforts, (c) leading change, and (d) having an impact on the organization. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)
For more information contact: Barbara Andres, Breakthrough Club, P.O. Box 47563, 1010 North Main, Wichita, KS 67201. Email: barb.andres@btcwichita.com
Back to topWaegemakers Schiff, J., Coleman H., & Miner, D. (2008). Voluntary Participation in Rehabilitation: Lessons Learned from a Clubhouse environment. Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health, 27(1), 65-78.
Abstract (from journal):
Clubhouses, as voluntary communities, can be excellent indicators of recovery environments for persons who have a mental illness. To understand why people become affiliated with a Clubhouse and others disengage, 4 focus groups with Clubhouse members and 1 with staff explored questions of membership retention. Responses encompassed 4 domains: personal, interpersonal, structure, and organizational environment. These domains were interwoven with values of acceptance without stigma, empowerment, self-determination, egalitarian relationships, independence, interdependence, dignity, respect, hope, and positive expectations. The domains and values correspond to elements that aid recovery. The presence and absence of such domains encouraged people to either attend or stay away from the organization. Overall analyses of the groups’ responses suggest that recovery-oriented values and organizational climate are important factors in determining attendance in a consumer-oriented program.
For more information contact: Jeanette Waegemakers Schiff, Ph.D., Faculty of Social Work, University of Calgary. Email: schiff@ucalgary.ca
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Stoffel, V.C. (2008). Perception of the Clubhouse experience and its impact on mental health recovery. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences. Vol 68(8-A), 2008, pp. 3300.
Abstract: This phenomenological study investigated how members of a psychosocial Clubhouse perceived their Clubhouse experience as impacting on their recovery, while living with a serious mental illness. Mental health recovery is understood as a journey towards living a meaningful life and achieving personal life goals despite challenges posed by serious mental illness. Psychosocial Clubhouses provide an environment where members feel they belong and can return to, and offer opportunities to be engaged in work, school and other meaningful occupations. The Clubhouse environment facilitates active engagement through colleague relationships while building on member interests and strengths. The purpose of the study was to determine how adults with serious mental illness who are active members of a Clubhouse (attending for three or more months, an average of two times per week, minimum) perceive the Clubhouse experience as impacting their mental health recovery. Using a phenomenological approach to gain the perspective of the lived experience of Clubhouse engagement and mental health recovery, data measures included participant observation with a full continuum of Clubhouse activities and exposure to the Clubhouse context across a 10 month period, in-depth interviews and measures of recovery, empowerment, hope, and life satisfaction with four participants, and photovoice (participant-generated photos and narratives) workshop with nine participants. Results were analyzed using constant comparative methods, with themes and descriptive narratives derived from the interviews, triangulated with data from the photovoice workshop and field notes, and confirmed with selected data from measures of recovery, empowerment, hope and satisfaction with life. In addition, verification and trustworthiness was strengthened by use of a second coder. The study found that members valued Clubhouse opportunities to pursue meaningful activities in order to pursue mental health recovery at their own pace. Respect, hope and reaching out to members supported engagement in Clubhouse community and met the needs of members who struggled with the pain and challenge of living with a serious mental illness. Using solid evidence to build and create Clubhouse practices and programs conducive to genuine recovery, hopefulness, empowerment, and satisfaction with life are the mutual responsibility of mental health professionals and Clubhouse members. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)
Correspondence: Virginia Stoffel, Ph.D., Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, 2200 E. Kenwood Blvd. Milwaukee, WI 53201-0413. Email: stoffelv@uwm.edu
